HIGH YIELD POINTS
1)
Temporal arthritis(Giant
cell arthritis) is best diagnosed by temporal artery biopsy.
2)
Diplopia ,jaw claudication
and temporal headache is clinical feature of Giant cell arthritis.
3)
Foam cell in
atherosclerosis is actually macrophage
4)
Burger disease or Thromboangiitis obliterans is related to
smoking
5)
Ployarteritis nodusa(PAN)
involve all the system but spares Lung
(pulmonary artery)
6)
Ployarteritis nodusa(PAN)
is associated with Hepatitis B
7)
Churg-strauss syndrome=
Asthma + eosinophilia + granulomatous vacuities.
8) loss of pulse in upper extremities
and hypertension occur in Takayasu arteritis which meanly affecting the aorta and its branch. It
is also known as pulse-less disease.
9)
The most common congenital
heart defect in infancy is ventricular septal defect(VSD).
10) The
most congenital heart defect in adult is atrial septal defect(ASD)
11) Ostium
secundum defect is the most common form
of ASD.
12) Marfan
syndrome is the risk factor for aortic
dissection, mitral valve prolapase and spontaneous Pneumothorax.
13) HIV
is associated with Kaposi sarcoma.
14) Essential
or idiopathic hypertension is the most common and account for 95 % cause of hypertension.
15) Abdominal
aortic aneurysm is by far the most common type of large vessels aneurysm, 95%
have associated atheromatous degeneration ,95% occur below renal
arteries and patient present
with central abdominal pain and
pulsatile mass.
16) In
Mycotic aneurysm the term “Mycotic” is misnomer because, although it indicate
infection as the cause of aneurysm it is due
to bacteria not fungi.
17) Aortic
dissection present with inter-scapular pain(when descending aorta involve) and
anterior chest pain(when ascending aorta involve), onset of which is sudden , sever in nature and tearing by character, Hypertension and
marfan syndrome is the main risk factor.
18) The
most common coronary artery involve in myocardial infarction is left anterior descending coronary artery.
19) The
most common cause of right heart failure is left heart failure.
20) Most common primary cardiac tumor in adult= Myxoma
21) Most
common primary cardiac tumor in children=
Rhabdomyoma
22) Most
common heart tumor= metastatic
23) Aortic
stenosis is the most common of all valvular abnormalities.
24) Tetralogy
of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart lesion which is compatible
with life.
25) The
valve which is Most commonly affected in infective Endocarditis is mitral value
26) The
valve which most commonly affected in IV drug user with infective Endocarditis
is tricuspid valve
27) Widened Mediastinum
on X-Ray is the most common finding in thoracic
aortic rupture.
Hematology
Hematology
1) Most common leukemia in children is ALL.
2) Most common leukemia in adult is AML.
3) Philadelphia
4) Smudge cell on blood cell is are
characteristic of CLL.
5) Leukocytosis and Massive splenomegaly(cause dragging sensation) = CML
6) Leukocytosis , splenomegaly and painless
lymphadenopathy= CLL
7) Positive nuclear staining for tdt (DNA
polymerase) is the Hallmark of ALL.
8) The staging system of Hodgkin lymphoma is
“The Ann Arbor Staging system”
9) The most common cause of vitamin B-12
deficiency is pernicious anemia.
10) The most
common cause of folate deficiency is alcohol .
11) Auto-splenectomy
is occur in sickle cell anemia and celiac disease.
12) Itching after hot shower with
dizziness and splenomegaly is found in Polycythemia.
13) In
Aplastic anemia splenomegaly is characteristically absent.
14) Increase
MCHC only occur in Hereditary spherocytosis that’s why it is also called
Normocytic hyperchromic anemia .
15) Hb-F
protect us from sickling in sickle cell anemia .
16) Hb
electrophoresis is the most accurate test for sickle cell anemia.
17) PNH is
the only hemolytic anemia caused by an “acquired” intrinsic defect in cell
Membrane.
18) Extra-vascular
hemolysis occur in sickle cell anemia and hereditary spherocytosis.
19) Intra-vascular
hemolysis occur in PNH and G6PD deficiency.
20) Warm
antibody auto immune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is the most common hemolytic
anemia (70%) and is IgG mediated.
21) Cold
agglutinin disease is less common(30%) and igM mediated.
22) Reticulocytosis
is most commonly seen in hemolytic anemia.
23) Phytates
,Tannates, phosphate, oxalate and carbonate all these have negative influence
on iron absorption.
24) Vitamin
–C , citrate and glucose all help to convert ferric iron to ferrous iron which
is easily absorbable.
25) Intestinal
absorption of iron occur mainly in ferrous form which found in most abundant
in meat.
26) Iron
deficiency anemia is Microcytic hypochromic anemia.
27) Sickle
cell disease: in Heterozygous condition which is also called sickle cell trait
i-e hbs contain two population of RBC, contain 60% normal and 40% is sickle Hb
(hbs). This is protective against
falciparum malaria
28) Sickle
cell disease: in homozygous condition which is also called sickle cell anemia
i-e Hbss . It contain 100% Hbs with no normal cell . This is not protective
against falciparum malaria
29) Sickling
Is precipitated by hypoxia, dehydration, acidosis and infection(To remember
HIDA).
30) Vaso-occlusive
crises is the most common crises in sick cell anemia which cause hand and foot
syndrome(Dactylitis) and acute chest syndrome(which is the most common cause of
death in adults).
31) Clinical
finding of sickle cell anemia is , susceptibility to infection like
ostemyelitis , meningitis and sepsis,
three kind of crises like Vaso-occlusive crises, Aplastic crises and
sequestration crises.
32) Splenomegaly
is most common and prominent in hereditary spherocytosis than any other form of
hemolytic anemia .
33)Beta
Thalassemia major also called Cooley’s
anemia : Hb electrophoresis show absent HbA ,markedly raised HbF and HbA2
normal,
high or low.
34) Beta
Thalassemia minor: Hb electrophoresis show decrease HbA, normal HbF and raised
HbA2.
35) Patient
of beta Thalassemia major who are on high blood transfusion is an increase risk
of Iron overload.
36)The most
common cause of anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is rheumatoid arthritis and
tuberculosis.
37)Leukocyte
Alkaline Phosphates(LAP) score can different between leukemoid reaction and
leukemia which is low in leukemia and high in leukemoid reaction.
Pulmonology
Pulmonology
21) The
most aggressive ,a highly malignant and metastatic lung carcinoma is small cell
carcinoma and the most common carcinoma of lung is Squamous cell carcinoma but having best prognosis.
22) The
most common cause of pulmonary thrombo –Embolism is the deep venous thrombosis (DVT). 80% arise from DVT in leg.
23) Pleural
plaques is the characteristic feature of mesothelioma.
24) Asthma
is chronic inflammatory Reversible
disorder.
25) COPD
cause irreversible obstruction of
air flow for which smoking is the most important risk factor .
26) Bronchiectasis:
Cystic fibrosis is the most common congenital cause of bronchiectasis in US
and Tuberculosis is the most common acquired cause of bronchiectasis
worldwide.
27)Hypersensitivity pneumanitis which is also
known “extrinsic allergic alveolitis” result from inhalation of wide variety of
Organic antigens like farmer lung which result from Mouldy
hay , Bird fanciers lung which
result from avian execrate, proteins and feather etc.
28) Investigation
of choice for asthma is PFTS(important). Remember eosinophilia is non-specific test because it also occur in other condition
like parasitic infection.
29) Centriacinar
is the most common type of emphysema which affect upper lobes.
310) Renal
cell carcinoma can produce many paraneoplastic
syndrome like producing erythropoietin , PTH-related peptid, renin and
gonadotrophin which cause systemic effects.
311) Pulmonary Hemartoma
is the most common benign tumor of lung.
312) TB
of vertebral body is called Potts disease.
313) The
most common site for extra –pulmonary TB
is kidney.
314) Bronchial carcinoma clinical presentation(IMP
for MCQS): Hoarseness in bronchial carcinoma is due to recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, dysphagia in bronchial carcinoma
is due to esophageal invasion.
315) Tuberculous cavities
is the most common risk factor for Aspergilloma
(fungal Ball).
116) The most common cancer in male is prostatic carcinoma.
117) The most common cancer in female is breast carcinoma.
118) The most common cancer leading to death in both man and women is lung carcinoma.
219) The main source of injury to lung in adult respiratory distress syndrome is neutrophil.
Excellent website. Congratulation.
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